Chapter 2: Historical, Cultural, & Legal/Ethical Considerations

The Chinese testing program between 1115 B.C. and 1905 B.C. is most similar to which of the following modern-day practices?
1. civil service testing
2. college aptitude testing
3. achievement testing
4. programs designed to detect drug abuse
Psychometrics refers to which of the following?
1. psychological measurement using metric system units
2. the science of psychological measurement
3. the science of precision in assessment
4. B and C
During the Middle Ages, the focus of early diagnostic techniques was on identifying:
1. slow learners
2. those who had scurvy
3. witches
4. competent civil service workers
Which of the following positions would Galton argue in favor of?
1. genius runs in families
2. environment is the most important determinant of genius
3. all sperm banks should be closed
4. Darwin's theory was overrated
How did the work of Wundt differ from that of Galton, Binet, and James McKeen Cattell?
1. Wundt used standardized psychological tests
2. Wundt utilized humans and not animal research participants
3. Wundt focused on how individuals were the same rather than different
4. Wundt focused on how individuals were different rather than the same
Who is credited with being the originator of the psychometric concept of test reliability?
1. Spearman
2. Pearson
3. Kraeplin
4. Tichener
Who coined the term "mental test" in 1890?
1. Binet
2. Cattell
3. Wundt
4. Galton
The beginning of the group intelligence testing movement is best associated with:
1. the need to identify slow learners in school
2. the need to identify the best applicant for a job
3. the military's need to screen the intellectual ability of recruits
4. the civil service system's need to identify qualified postal workers
In the 1930s, clinical psychology was synonymous with:
1. personality testing
2. mental testing
3. vocational testing
4. educational testing
History records which of the following as the first personality test developed after World War I?
1. Bernreuter Personality Inventory
2. Mooney Problem Checklist
3. The Personal Data Sheet
4. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
"Do not make-up data," "Do not use lies in advertising," and "do not cheat on your partner" are all examples of:
1. laws
2. ethics
3. rules
4. traditions
Which historical event was the impetus for awarding federal funds to schools in an effort to identify gifted and talented students?
1. World War I
2. World War II
3. the launch of Sputnik
4. the SAT scores of American youth during the 1950s
According to the "Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals," the responsibility for the use of psychological tests should lie with:
1. professionals with the highest academic degree in psychology
2. professionals with the necessary training and experience
3. professionals who have state certification to administer a particular test
4. all are correct
The "Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education" was developed and endorsed by:
1. test publishers
2. professional organizations
3. Congress
4. test publishers and professional organizations
Test-takers have the right:
1. to know why they are being tested
2. to know the results of the test they took
3. to know how their data will be used
4. all are correct
The right to have test findings held confidential by psychologists can be found in:
1. professional ethics
2. case law
3. licensing regulations
4. all are correct
For over 3,000 years, open and competitive examinations were given in China. These examinations tested:
1. integrity
2. personality
3. motivation
4. proficiency
Which scientist viewed individual differences as a source of error in experimentation?
1. Cattell
2. Darwin
3. Wundt
4. Witmer
Which of the following is a satisfactory way to minimize language effects of a written, standardized test in English when administering the test to members of a Japanese-speaking group who speak English as a second language?
1. have a professional translator read the test to the group, simultaneously translating the items word-for-word
2. have a member of the group who is fluent in English and Japanese read the test to the group, simultaneously translating the items word-for-word
3. prior to the formal test administration, have the examiner conduct a brief tutorial in English, specifically answering questions about the meanings of words in the test items
4. none are correct
Nonverbal communication or "body language" does not:
1. exist in all cultures
2. have a great impact on the perceptions of others
3. convey the same meaning across cultures
4. have great influence
When assessing people with disabling conditions, an examiner must do all of the following EXCEPT:
1. create an appropriate setting for the test administration
2. transform the test into a form that can be taken
3. transform the responses so they are scorable
4. obtain certification in administering the test to members of a particular group
Which of the following is NOT included in the precautions for safeguarding test records?
1. determining when records will be found outdated
2. determining when records will be used only for educational purposes
3. locking the file cabinet
4. arranging for the storage of records for eternity
If someone can demonstrate that a psychologist did not act in a way that any other person in the profession would have acted given similar circumstances, then the psychologist may be found liable for:
1. deception
2. fraud
3. incompetency
4. malpractice
How are questions about proficiency in the English language determined?
1. based on years of education
2. based on family background
3. on a case-by-case basis
4. none are correct
Which of the following are affected by cultural factors
1. verbal communication
2. nonverbal communication
3. equal protection under the law
4. verbal communication and nonverbal communication
Black English has which of the following characteristics?
1. structure
2. meaning
3. pronunciation
4. all are correct
Goddard's work with the feeble-minded serves as an important reminder regarding the importance of understanding:
1. heredity
2. correct test administration
3. cultural factors
4. none are correct
Test developers do which of the following to ensure that a test developed for national use is indeed suitable for national use?
1. they employ a large number of examiners
2. they have a panel of experts review the items
3. they try out the items and eliminate those that are biased
4. they have a panel of experts review the items AND they try out the items and eliminate those that are biased

Chapter 2: Historical, Cultural, & Legal/Ethical Considerations

Choose the correct answer for each question.