Chapter 3: Ethical Research
Choose the best answer for each question.
Which of the following constitutes deception?
- the experimenter disguises the true purpose of a laboratory experiment
- the experimenter conceals the purpose of the observation
- an observer conceals his or her identity
- an observer conceals his or her presence
- all of the above
One problem with the use of informed consent is:
- participant response bias from increased perceptions of control
- sample bias due to differences between participants and refusers
- that knowledge of the research will alter participants' behavior
- all of the above
Which of the following is not a procedural option to deception?
- role-playing
- simulation studies
- psychodrama
- honest experiments
Under what circumstances is a researcher absolutely obligated to fully disclose all the particulars about the study? Full disclosure must be made:
- under all circumstances
- whenever there are major risks of participation
- whenever there is potential for psychological stress
- under circumstances of biased participant selection
Deception can be a problem:
- in all behavioral research
- only in laboratory research
- for creating demand characteristics
- none of the above
In studies that involve concealed observation, researchers suggest that the use of ________ keeps ethical problems to a minimum.
- pilot studies
- discussions with potential participants
- role-playing
- all of the above
Deception has been most problematic in which of the following areas of psychology?
- developmental psychology
- social psychology
- learning and memory
- clinical psychology
Compared to research conducted in the 1960s, research today is ________ problematic with regard to deception, because ________.
- more; we use more concealed and more invasive measures
- more; college students of today are usually required to be participants
- less; researchers are more sensitive to ethical issues than they were before
- less; researchers have become more interested in emotions than cognitive variables
A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if:
- you disagree with someone's results on philosophical, political, or religious grounds
- you cannot replicate the results of someone's study
- the data are changed in order to support the hypotheses
- all of the above
What precautions can a scientist take to be protected against charges of fraud?
- only publish results that are significant at the .001 level of significance
- never work alone
- keep careful, documented records of the research
- all of the above
One genuine case of fraud appears to be:
- the "controlled drinking" study by Sobell and Sobell
- Milgram's study on obedience to authority
- the "twin" studies by Sir Cyril Burt
- none of the above
What single factor is probably most responsible for keeping scientific fraud to a minimum?
- scientists are known to be highly moral individuals who are driven to high standards of honest
- scientific method relies on replication of findings from many different laboratories
- all published data must be registered at a central database and statistically analyzed to compute a Fraud Factor
- all of the above
According to the most current APA ethical guidelines, primary responsibility for ensuring that participants are ethically treated lies with:
- the investigator
- whomever is actually running the participants
- the IRB
- the APA
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) reviews your research to make sure that it:
- uses internally valid procedures
- does not use deception
- adheres to established ethical guidelines
- all of the above
A proposal submitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) should include a:
- draft of your informed consent form
- statement of the potential risk to participants
- statement of the general procedures you will be using to run participants
- all of the above