Learning

Classical conditioning (respondent, Pavlovian) – unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, higher order conditioning

Delayed, trace, simultaneous, backwards

Pavlov’s experiment, little Albert (Watson) experiment

Biological constraints – conditioned taste aversion (coyotes, chemotherapy)

Classical condition in everyday life

Neurological basis of classical conditioning

Other factors - reliability of CS, number of pairings, strength of US

Operant conditioning

Thorndike (trial and error, law of effect), Skinner

Primary and secondary reinforcers

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement (escape and avoidance learning, learned helplessness), positive punishment, negative punishment

Disadvantages of punishment, alternatives, making it more effective, culture

Continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement (fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval), partial reinforcement extinction effect

Shaping (Skinner box, successive approximations), chaining, superstitious behavior

Biofeedback, behavior modification (token economy)

Other factors – magnitude of reinforcement, immediacy, level of motivation

Cognitive learning

Learning by insight, latent learning (cognitive map)

Observational learning – modeling, Bandura’s studies, vicarious reinforcement, elicitation effect, disinhibitory effect, inhibitory effect

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation