Questions for the last test in Cognition. For each example that you give, make sure to explain HOW that example illustrates that particular concept.

1. What is Paivio’s dual coding theory? How do the abstract/concrete word studies (make sure to relate these to imagery potential and association value), mnemonics, attention and memory models relate to this theory?
2. How are we able to imagine events mentally - what happens when we use visual scanning and mental rotation? Give examples from the following: (a) Map or boat study, (b) rabbit or box study, AND (c) rotation of objects)? How have studies of neuroscience helped in our understanding of mental imagery – what have they found? How does this research relate to the false memory research?
3. Cognitive maps sometimes correspond to reality, but sometimes they show systematic distortions. What are 3 different errors that individuals make? Make sure to describe all of the various examples under the different error classifications along with a study that backs each one of these up.
4. What occurs during problem identification, definition, and representation? Make sure you discuss and give examples of well defined and ill defined problems as well as arrangement, inducing structure, and transformational problems.
5. What are the different strategies we use to solve problems? Describe the difference between algorithms and heuristics, compensatory and noncompensatory models, and divergent and convergent thinking. After we develop a strategy, then what do people do? What makes a good problem solver different from a poor one in these latter steps?
6. What are mental set and functional fixedness? Give an example of each. How do these relate to creativity? What are the main features of creative problem solvers? How does divergent vs. convergent thinking relate to creativity?
7. What are the representative and availability heuristics? Give an example of each. Describe how base rate (estimating probabilities) affects these heuristics giving an example to demonstrate.
8. How can framing and anchoring affect our ability to problem solve? Give an example of each. Why does framing occur?
9. What is overconfidence – give an example. Describe in detail why we are overconfident (be sure to describe confirmation bias in detail).
10. Describe the 6 major abilities that represent human intelligence.
11. One of the debates in intelligence is what exactly intelligence is. How does Sternberg define intelligence (give theory)? How does this compare with Gardner’s theory of intelligence (give theory)?