Please note: Examples are to be EXPERIMENTAL examples – either given in lecture, Coglab, or book. Make sure that when you discuss the experimental examples that you give enough details about the study to demonstrate you understand how this supports the issue.

1. Define memory. What are the different codes, types, and ways of measuring memory (make sure to list and define)? When discussing direct and indirect memory tests, describe the different types of types of tests.

2. There are two basic metaphors of memory - memory as storage (e.g., Ebbinghaus, Atkinson and Shiffren's information processing model) and memory as reconstruction (e.g., Bartlett, Craik and Lockhart's depth of processing model). Explain the concepts and assumptions behind each of these basic metaphors and describe the related models.

3. What is sensory memory (all features)? Explain in detail how Sperling's experiment gave us a more detailed picture of the sensory register. Also use one study to explain how we know that this information is not processed (just physical information).

4. What is echoic memory (give details)? Give one study that shows how echoic memory works. What may be the functions of sensory stores?

5. What is the duration of STM (use the Peterson and Peterson/Brown studies to explain)? What are the limits of STM according to Miller? How can we overcome these limitations? More recent evidence suggests that this traditional belief may not be accurate. What factors influence how much information can be held in working memory? What evidence (1 study) suggests that this is so?

6. How is information coded in STM? Give one study that demonstrates how information is coded verbally and then give examples of when you would see visual and semantic encoding. Also explain the working memory model proposed by Baddeley - how do these studies support that model?

7. How do we retrieve information in STM? Give studies to back up claims. Make sure that you describe all possible scenarios. Why does Sternberg believe that we use the strategy that we do?

8. What evidence suggests that we have both STM and LTM? What is the serial position effect? How does this study demonstrate that we have two systems?

9. Summarize the 5 benefits of forming categories. What are the 3 possible models of semantic organization/categorization? What are the principle features of each?

10. Discuss Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve. What factors influence forgetting? How might context and state influence memory? Give examples.

11. What is metamemory? How does the tip-of-the tongue phenomenon show metamemory – what type of errors do you see (and how often)? When is metamemory high in accuracy?